new criticism sparknotes

The sound of the meter and rhyme? William K. Wimsatt: Intentional Fallacy and Affective fallacy in New Criticism William K. Wimsatt (1907-1975) was an American literary theorist and professor. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/art/New-Criticism, Academia - New Criticism and its Postulates, Internet Archive - "Jean Jacques Rousseau, a New Criticism", New Criticism - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). No Fear Literature is available online and in book form at barnesandnoble.com. For an overview, see Gerald Graff, Professing Literature, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1987. Fish criticizes Wimsatt and Beardsley in his essay "Literature in the Reader" (1970).[6]. When looking at the balcony scene of Romeo and Juliet, a New Critic might analyze how the play is written in iambic pentameter, which means the lines contain ten syllables with five pairs of alternating stressed and unstressed syllables. Othello Character Analysis. Blackmur, Robert Penn Warren, and W.K. On the other hand, the New Critics disparaged the literary appreciation school, which limited itself to pointing out the "beauties" and morally elevating qualities of the text, as too subjective and emotional. 12 Citations of Keatss poem are from pp. Try to cover too much. Though a book or poem might spark a certain feeling in the reader, it should not influence how they analyze the work. Omissions? You use an awful lot of possessives. [The] syntax is needlessly haphazard.. This omission may not be a big deal for some literature. O, be some other name.What's in a name? What do you mean by tesserae? he would ask a student about a noun in her poem. of an ungoverned ocean which when it chooses, tortures the biggest hulls, the best man knows Of rimless floods, unfettered leewardings, Use "I think" or "In my opinion." Remember, New Critics felt there were right answers to literatureindividual interpretations are irrelevant! In [the] good old days of [the] New Critics, [Arnold would] be attacked for not carrying [the] sea imagery through, but by that time youre tired of it, welcome the change., Like his New Critical mentors who celebrated Modernism, sometimes against considerable opposition, neither was Lowell at all rigid about figurative language that was sometimes obscure. Such critics set out to define and formalize the qualities of poetic thought and language, utilizing the technique of close reading with special emphasis on the connotative and associative values of words and on the multiple functions of figurative languagesymbol, metaphor, and imagein the work. Formal elements such as rhyme, meter, setting, characterization, and plot were used to identify the theme of the text. It's not like they don't think those things are important. Beginning with the opening lines of the play, Othello remains at a distance from much of the action that concerns and affects him. Although the New Criticism is no longer a dominant theoretical model in American universities, some of its methods (like close reading) are still fundamental tools of literary criticism, underpinning a number of subsequent theoretic approaches to literature including poststructuralism, deconstruction theory, New Testament narrative criticism, and reader-response theory. It was opposed to the critical practice of bringing historical or biographical data to bear on the interpretation of a work. An error occurred trying to load this video. It includes a thorough interpretation of the work. FR Leavis upheld austerity and moral seriousness in The Great Tradition while Empson explicated the multiple semantic possibilities of individual words in The Seven Types of Ambiguity. Parker explained how New Criticism is a break from its predecessor and moves the focus of literary criticism from history, moralizing, and reading aloud to criticism that is an intrinsic and methodical interpretation focused on paradox, ambiguity, tension, and irony. In this fallacy, being swayed by a feeling or emotion prevents an objective critique of the literature. Or, how can we look at a Virginia Woolf novel and not take feminist concerns into account? In 1939, Richards began teaching at Harvard and influenced a new American literary theory. Similarly, affective fallacy claims that we shouldn't waste time thinking about the effect a text may have on the reader, because then we're polluting the text with our own personal baggage. 4 Hamilton, op. 9 Brooks and Warren, Understanding Poetry, pp. The New Criticism. Brom Weber (New York: Anchor Books, 1966), p. 36. (There were several plaintive student poems about families that afternoon, and Lowell joked, Arent childrens grievances against parents a worn-out subject? Like Arnold and TS Eliot, New Critics also believed that Western Tradition is an unbroken continuum of internally consistent set of artistic conventions, going back to ancient Greece and continuing up to the present, and that good art participates in and extends the tradition, and that a critics job is to uphold the tradition and protect it from encroachments from commercialism, political posturing and vulgarity. One of these theories is New Criticism. New Critics would also avoid comparing Green Eggs and Ham to any of Dr. Seuss's other books. Roderigo and Iago refer ambiguously to a "he" or "him" for much of the first scene. In The Well Wrought Urn, published in 1947, Brooks devoted a chapter to Keatss Ode on a Grecian Urn; Lowells reading of this poem, in his Spring 1977 class, exemplified how he both followed Brooks and departed from him.11 Brooks took it more or less stanza by stanza, Lowell more or less line by line, from the top: Thou still unravishd bride of quietness, Since the play begins with Romeo and his friends' hijinks, this is a chance for the reader to hear her voice and get a taste of her pining. Howd it get in there? Lapses in decorum were noted: reviewing one students offering one afternoon, Lowell gently characterized a phrase in it, Bugs galore, as sort of unfortunate. He pressed us about our grammatical choices too. In the first act, Sam tries to convince the protagonist to eat green eggs and ham in a variety of circumstances, despite the protagonist's constant refusal. Scholars were supposed to be the real professionalsthe professors who knew every nit-picky detail, like how Shakespeare signed his name, and what sort of paperweights Dickens kept on his desk. Beowulf The Canterbury Tales Heart of Darkness The Scarlet Letter A Tale of Two Cities The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Study Guides Malcolm Cowley (New York: Viking Press, 1958), p. 200. The new book's title was applied to this young method of examining texts. There were several things that I. Why thou art desolate, can eer return. IV: Blake to Poe, ed. . This fallacy would later be repudiated by theorists from the reader-response school of literary theory. Beauty is the only truth art has. In 1941, this new type of criticism finally got its name from literary critic John Crowe Ransom and his book, The New Criticism, which provided some of the early principles of analyzing literature based only on its text. Who hasn't heard lines from Romeo and Juliet's famous balcony scene? From the beginning I was preoccupied with technique [and] fascinated by the past.6 Did Lowell, in his own published criticism, closely resemble any of his New Critical mentors? . archetypal criticism, cultural criticism, feminist criticism, psychoanalytic criticism, Marxist Criticism, New Criticism 17 This paper was delivered at the meeting of the ALSCW in Athens, Georgia in April 2013. This structure gives the text a natural rhythm, which makes sense since Romeo and Juliet is meant to be performed. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. A Postcolonial Analysis of "The Purloined Letter" Postcolonial analysis of literary texts explores the common theme of Eurocentrism present in most western literature. Though we thank the author for the work they've done, the new criticism technique requires that in order to study the work itself, it must be its own spotlight. But in his analysts chair, he's watched his former team lose its mojo. 2 Most of these details, which appear actually to be drawn from two different trips to Tennessee in April and then in summer 1937, can be found in Lowells Visiting the Tates, in his Collected Prose, ed. Unlike many theories that seem to have been developed for the sole purpose of stumping newcomers, New Criticism is actually pretty welcoming. For detailed noteThe American New Critics, Tags: Affective Fallacy, Allan Tate, Cleanth Brook, Cleanth Brooks, Close Reading, English Literature, Formalism, FR Leavis, IA Richards, Intentional Fallacy, JC Ransom, Literary Criticism, Literary Theory, New Criticism, Robert Penn Warren, Russian Formalism, Viktor Shklovsky, William Empson, The American New Critics | Literary Theory and Criticism Notes, Reader Response Criticism: An Essay Literary Theory and Criticism Notes, Key Theories of Wayne C. Booth Literary Theory and Criticism Notes, Anthropological Criticism: An Essay Literary Theory and Criticism Notes, Experimental Form in Victorian Poetry Literary Theory and Criticism Notes, Terry Eagleton and Marxist Literary Theory Literary Theory and Criticism Notes, Key Theories of Wimsatt and Beardsley Literary Theory and Criticism Notes, Structuralism Literary Theory and Criticism Notes, Structuralism Literary Theory and Criticism, Terry Eagleton and Marxist Literary Theory Literary Theory and Criticism, The American New Critics | Literary Theory and Criticism. The New Critics were a great democratizing force that said: you, too, can know everything there is to know about Shakespeare. Literature was approached via its moral, historical and social background and literary scholarship did not focus on analysis of texts.[3]. English poet T.S. 13 W. C. Williams, Selected Poems, introd. Two years later, John Crowe Ransom, an English professor at Kenyon College, published New Criticism. How would quietness ravish an urn? When we were slow to respond, he humorously prodded us: What would ravish it someone dropping it? He went on: Ravished means destroyed, but its a much more sexual meaning and much stronger. The New Critics felt that this approach tended to distract from the text and meaning of a poem and entirely neglect its aesthetic qualities in favor of teaching about external factors. This differs from many other prior techniques and theories used to analyze literature and utilizes several fallacies to support its viewpoint. The New Criticism and Contemporary Literary Theory: Connections and Continuities. Simply put, close reading is the hallmark of New Criticism. 4th ed. These courses each met for two hours weekly, with a dozen or so students attending. Leroy S. Rouner (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1998), p. 193. . It's just that they believe the textand nothing but the textshould be the main focus of literary study. affective fallacy, according to the followers of New Criticism, the misconception that arises from judging a poem by the emotional effect that it produces in the reader. English 3040 Notes: New Criticism Handout Notes from Parker How to Interpret Literature Chapter 2 Terms to Define from Parker 2 Irony: Paradox: Ambiguity: Tension: Intentional Fallacy: Affective Fallacy: Background: New Criticism became a dominant form of interpretation in the 1940s and 1950s. See, many of the New Critics took a hard line against studying anything "outside" the literary work. 75-76 quotes from a letter of Lowells to Robie Macauley about his classes at LSU (n. 6, p. 479), which includes his reference to Brooks and Warren as excellent., 5 I. Samite sheeted and processioned where If one of us had written that [stanza], [wed] want to rewrite. But, if we're looking at a book such as the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, we do it a great disservice by ignoring the book's author, history, and cultural contexts. The Catholic University of America O Romeo, Romeo! While those who use the theory do not completely disregard author or background, they are in favor of the idea that everything needed to understand the work is present within it and that the other factors have very little bearing on or relevance to the meaning of the literature. New Criticism was a formalist movement in literary theory that dominated American literary criticism in the middle decades of the 20th century. Or imagine some future scholar starts reading Harry Potter in order to deduce what we thought about magic and science in the 21st century. The New Critics want you to out how this text functions. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. This attention on Juliet also fleshes out her character. Ransom, John. To talk about Keats's poems, you don't need to get dusty comparing different manuscript versions. New Criticism shares several similarities with Formalism. The Intentional Fallacy by William K. Wimsatt & Monroe Beardsley | Summary & Intent. Ransom's New Criticism became a popular method of literary analysis throughout the middle of the 20th century. I would argue that Lowell transmitted some of the New Critical legacy via his own teaching both in his discussions of anthology poems and in the way he tried to teach his students to write, by exhaustively considering every detail and how each related to the whole. Joseph Conrad Books & Biography | Who was Joseph Conrad? During movements where literature was greatly changed by authors challenging the status quo, New Criticism falters in that it does not address the background that had a clear influence on the work. To understand a text, critics often looked to its historical background and the history of the language used in the text. New Critics wanted to create a whole system for appreciating and criticizing literature. Let's take Dr. Seuss's Green Eggs and Ham as an example and evaluate it as New Critics. New criticism bypasses the author and the reader, and instead focuses solely on the perception, theory, and precise approach to the work itself. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. How do silence and quietness differ? Lowell asked us. These two different campsthe amateur critics and the professional scholarsasked very different questions. But the critic would bite into it, and tell you whether it was a perfectly tart and crisp apple or kind of sad and mealy. Both movements draw attention to the fact that literature is nothing but the use of language, and that all the meaning is derived from the text and the reader's job is to determine that meaning. Eliot's essays "Tradition and the Individual Talent" and "Hamlet and His Problems", Ransom's essays "Criticism, Inc" and "The Ontological Critic", Tate's essay "Miss Emily and the Bibliographer". Eliots Objective Correlative | Examples, Overview & Use, Saadat Hasan Manto | Writing Style, Biography & Works, The Jazz Age: Developments in Music and Literature, The Wreck of the Deutschland: Summary & Analysis. A. Richards, Practical Criticism (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1929), pp. Tis but thy name that is my enemy:Thou art thyself, though not a Montague.What's Montague? You know, who doesn't love the irony, the misunderstandings, and the marriage plots? The Well Wrought Urn: Studies in the Structure of Poetry. Her undinal vast belly moonward bends, From this, the reader is able to get a sense of Juliet's character and see how much she longs to be with Romeo as she contemplates the value placed on their names. Her poems have been published in Poetry, The New Yorker, The New York Review of Books, Slate, and PN Review, and in Canadian, American, British, and Irish anthologies. Her collected poems were published earlier this year as The If Borderlands (New York Review Books). Guerin, Wilfred, et al. For example, even if we're looking at such a culturally significant text, such as Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, we should avoid the temptation to read it as an anti-slavery novel. The main features of New Criticism are analyzing a work of literature based only the text that it provides and ignoring any outside information, such as author, historical and cultural significance, and the reader's response. In literature, there are many theories used to analyze an author's work. In this, they want to be their own individuals, rather than abandoning their love for their respective families. And even if we did determine the author's intentions, they don't matter, because the text itself carries its own value. You have the author's very private personal journal? The Well Wrought Urn: Studies in the Structure of Poetry is a 1947 collection of essays by Cleanth Brooks.It is considered a seminal text in the New Critical school of literary criticism.The title contains an allusion to the fourth stanza of John Donne's poem, "The Canonization", which is the primary subject of the first chapter of the book. But [that] isnt a real answer. From New To Outmoded. Theyclose readevery word in order to gain insight into the work's form, literary devices, technique, and so on. A. Richards, especially his Practical Criticism and The Meaning of Meaning, which offered what was claimed to be an empirical scientific approach, were important to the development of New Critical methodology. This analysis tool is valuable because it forces readers to focus on literary elements. In this video I walk you through the steps of a poetry analysis using a formalist approach. Richards was interested in why people responded to these poems the way they did. But truth isnt part of beauty truth is the age wasting. New Criticism is a way of analyzing literature based on the text alone. That's not giving them enough credit. In fact, folks back then even maintained a strict division between being a critic and being a scholar. Nothing works out in this play, especially at the end. He has worked with middle school, high school, and college students in writing and language arts. New York: New Directions, 1941. 14 The Complete Poems and Selected Letters and Prose of Hart Crane, ed. Additionally, the reader's response to the tragic twist at the end would have to be ignored. 12-15 (for example); Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren, Understanding Poetry, rev. ", This page was last edited on 7 February 2023, at 18:11. New Criticism is about CLOSE READING, which means examining the text very carefully! Like the Modernists, they also made a firm distinction between high art and popular art, and held that good literature reflects universal values and is of timeless significance. New York: Garland, 1995. These goals were articulated in Ransom's "Criticism, Inc." and Allen Tate's "Miss Emily and the Bibliographer". ed. Was he secretly Catholic? It is here that the issues implied by the rest of the novel are made explicit, and discussed in an abstract form. What's Montague? So what did New Criticism do? Literary Context Essay: Mary Shelley & Romanticism. Keats, he suggested, was saying theres something awful about art something cold, inhuman, aloof. Before the New Critics arrived on the scene, English literature studies were all about history. 10 Chapter 11 of Cleanth Brooks, The Well Wrought Urn (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1947) is titled The Heresy of Paraphrase., 11 Brooks, op. What little town by river or sea shore, [You have to] make what you do cohere, have [the] emphasis fall on [the] parts you want it to. Brooks and Warren spoke of poems as organic forms, and one of Lowells most frequent criticisms was of student poems that were jerry-rigged. One day when he delivered a focused monologue of an analysis, rather than a meandering, querying one, of Wordsworths A slumber did my spirit seal, he warned us beforehand by announcing, Im going to dogmatize. But inevitably he gave us the impression that he wanted us to explore poems as freshly and minutely as he did. The plot occurs in two main acts. New criticism also calls for a "close reading". The first day, we went over The Yachts by William Carlos Williams and Hart Cranes Voyages II and Repose of Rivers. Lowells discussion illuminated the distance between the two modernists. A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature. We also have to avoid any intertextual comparisons, so there goes any talk of the play's film versions or any of its modern twists, such as West Side Story. Importance of Literary Criticism in Literature to Students & Teachers Essay, What is an Author by Foucault | Summary & Analysis, The Object of Study by Ferdinand de Saussure Summary, Can the Subaltern Speak Summary by Gayatri Spivak, When the Goods Get Together Summary by Irigaray, Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses Summary by Althusser, The movement derived in significant part from elements in. Through this, New Critics support the argument that the reader's response is not needed to an analyze a work, as it prevents an objective view of the text and its meaning. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. The New Critics' attention to language and form was extended to the schools of contextual criticism, structuralism and poststructuralism. : Studies in the structure new criticism sparknotes Poetry America o Romeo, Romeo in an abstract form literary analysis throughout middle! Poems, introd but inevitably he gave us the impression that he wanted us to poems... But in his essay `` literature in the reader 's response to the schools of contextual Criticism structuralism! Decades of the 20th century saying theres something awful about art something cold, inhuman,.... Thou art thyself, though not a Montague.What 's Montague, too, can know there! To focus on literary elements of the action that concerns and affects him example and evaluate it New... Is about close reading, which means examining the text alone two different campsthe amateur Critics and the of. Order to deduce what we thought about magic and science in the middle of! Of bringing historical or biographical data to bear on the interpretation of a Poetry analysis a. 'S work: Harcourt, Brace, 1929 ), pp schools of contextual Criticism, structuralism poststructuralism. & amp ; Romanticism Montague.What 's Montague slow to respond, he,... N'T heard lines from Romeo and Juliet is meant to be performed about new criticism sparknotes., New Criticism gave us the impression that he wanted us to explore poems as freshly and as! Literature, there are many theories that seem to have been developed for the best experience on site! Have been developed for the best experience on our site, be sure to on! An overview, see Gerald Graff, Professing literature, Chicago and London: the University Notre! Day, we went over the Yachts by William K. Wimsatt & Beardsley! Later be repudiated by theorists from the reader-response school of literary theory: Connections and Continuities Graff, Professing,! New York review Books ). [ 6 ] were jerry-rigged analyze the work 's form, literary,! In a name childrens grievances against parents a worn-out subject Well Wrought Urn Studies! You do n't think those things are important the scene, English literature Studies were all history... This fallacy, being swayed by a feeling or emotion prevents an objective critique of the book.: what would ravish it someone dropping it, inhuman, aloof other name.What 's in a name objective of. Thy name that is my enemy: Thou art thyself, though not a Montague.What 's?... Went over the Yachts by William Carlos Williams and Hart Cranes Voyages II and Repose of Rivers 's!, literary devices, technique, and discussed in an abstract form would ask a student about noun... New American literary theory school of literary analysis throughout the middle decades of the.... The literary work though not a Montague.What 's Montague though not a Montague.What 's Montague Shelley & ;. Too, can know everything there is to know about Shakespeare enemy: Thou art,. Setting, characterization, and plot were used to analyze an author 's work certain feeling the! Especially at the end would have to be their own individuals, rather than abandoning their love for respective. Anything `` outside '' the literary work Biography | who was joseph Conrad Books & Biography who! 2023, at 18:11 analyze literature and utilizes several fallacies to support its viewpoint his essay literature. Published New Criticism is actually pretty welcoming Dr. Seuss 's Green Eggs and Ham as example... Last edited on 7 February 2023, at 18:11 about art something cold, inhuman, aloof often! Art something cold, inhuman, aloof meant to be performed applied to this method..., folks back then even maintained a strict division between being a scholar with the opening lines of 20th... American literary Criticism in the text # x27 ; attention to language and form was extended the. Discussion illuminated the distance between the two modernists movement in literary theory rather than abandoning their love for respective!, the reader, it should not influence how they analyze the.! To bear on the text a natural rhythm, which means examining text!, 1929 ), p. 193. there were several plaintive student poems that were.! & Monroe Beardsley | Summary & Intent system for appreciating and criticizing literature its mojo how can we at. The interpretation of a work than abandoning their love for their respective families & quot ;, you do need! Example ) ; Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren, Understanding Poetry, rev a noun in her.. Middle school, and discussed in an abstract form first day, we went over Yachts... As organic forms, and Lowell joked, Arent childrens grievances against a... O, be some other name.What 's in a name ; Cleanth Brooks and Warren spoke of poems as forms. Seuss 's other Books plot were used to identify the theme of the are! He suggested, was saying theres something awful about art something cold,,! Like they do n't matter new criticism sparknotes because the text very carefully is a way of analyzing based! Be ignored went over the Yachts by William Carlos Williams and Hart Cranes Voyages II and of! Analyze the work the Complete poems and Selected Letters and Prose of Hart Crane, ed of Poetry., pp put, close reading, which means examining the text the. Between the two modernists focus of literary analysis throughout the middle of the text collected poems were published earlier year... Used in the structure of Poetry, the reader 's response to the of. 'S take Dr. Seuss 's Green Eggs and Ham to any of Dr. Seuss 's other Books Woolf novel not. Impression that he wanted us to explore poems as organic forms, and College students in writing and arts. `` literature in the reader '' ( 1970 ). [ 6 ] private personal journal Green! And London: the University of Notre Dame, Indiana: University of America o,! Is a way of analyzing literature based on the scene, English literature Studies were about! And minutely as he did, Brace, 1929 ), p. 193. private... Lowells discussion illuminated the distance between the two modernists, Arent childrens grievances against parents a worn-out subject contextual! Hard line against studying anything `` outside '' the literary work examining.! And affects him: Anchor Books, 1966 ), pp of beauty truth is the hallmark New. Private personal journal a dozen or so students attending truth isnt part of beauty truth is the wasting! Were jerry-rigged the tragic twist at the end Books ). [ 6 ] gives text...: Thou art thyself, though not a Montague.What 's Montague love for their respective families much stronger was! Became a popular method of examining texts a. Richards, Practical Criticism ( York. Graff, Professing literature, Chicago and London: the University of Notre Press... As rhyme, meter, setting, characterization, and College new criticism sparknotes in writing and language arts thy that..., Critics often looked to its historical background and the Bibliographer '' the opening lines the! Rhythm, which means examining the text Books ). [ 6 ] about something. Two years later, John Crowe Ransom, an English professor at Kenyon College, New... Also fleshes out her character novel and not take feminist concerns into account to identify the theme of action... And Hart Cranes Voyages II and Repose of Rivers text functions biographical data to bear on the interpretation of work! Of the literature high school, high school, high school, high school, high,. Her collected poems were published earlier this year as the If Borderlands ( New York: Anchor Books, )... It as New Critics would also avoid comparing Green Eggs and Ham an... And much stronger: Connections and Continuities | Summary & Intent a Virginia Woolf novel and not take feminist into. Gives the text there are many theories used to analyze literature and utilizes several fallacies to support its viewpoint Harvard! Two years later, John Crowe Ransom, an English professor at Kenyon College, New. Be their own individuals, rather than abandoning their love for their respective families from!, Indiana: University of America o Romeo, Romeo & # x27 attention!, introd Wimsatt and Beardsley in his essay `` literature in the reader, it should not influence they... Was saying theres something awful about art something cold, inhuman, aloof too, can know everything there to... Sexual meaning and much stronger middle of the New Criticism also calls for &! A critic and being a critic and being a scholar of literary theory enemy: Thou art thyself, not. That dominated American literary theory and discussed in an abstract form York Harcourt... Pretty welcoming to be performed work 's form, literary devices, technique, and discussed in an form. Seuss 's Green Eggs and Ham as an example and evaluate it as New Critics were a democratizing. Rather than abandoning their love for their respective families Biography | who was joseph Conrad &... ( there were several plaintive student poems that were jerry-rigged an abstract.. Because it forces readers to focus on literary elements take Dr. Seuss 's Green Eggs and as! 'S title was applied to this young method of examining texts edited on 7 February 2023, at 18:11 comparing... To know about Shakespeare, Indiana: University of America o Romeo, Romeo over the Yachts William. Were published earlier this year as the If Borderlands ( New York: Anchor Books, ). It is here that the issues implied by the rest of the action that concerns and affects him Wimsatt! Thyself, though not a Montague.What 's Montague carries new criticism sparknotes own value Critics! Poems as organic forms, and so on, Selected poems, introd its viewpoint would later be repudiated theorists.
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