how does admiral spruance explain the us victory at midway quizlet

He was dragged out of his flagship Akagi before it sank against his will. This article was written by Michael D. Hull and originally appeared in the May 1998 issue of World War II magazine. "[28], The destroyers Spruance(DD-963), lead ship of the Spruance class of destroyers, and Spruance(DDG-111), 61st ship of the Arleigh Burke class of destroyers, were named in his honor.[29]. [11] Although Spruance was proven as a cruiser division commander, he had no experience handling carrier-air combat; Halsey reassured Nimitz, and he told Spruance and Fletcher to rely on their newly inherited staff, particularly Captain Miles Browning, a battle-proven expert in carrier warfare. Historian Samuel Eliot Morison believed he was one of the greatest fighting and thinking admirals in American naval history. They follow returning American pilots and damage the Yorktown, but receiving more than 50% casualties. Determining that New Mexico was not too badly damaged to remain on station Spruance kept her as his flagship for the rest of the campaign. He held that post until the following February, when he was ordered back to the Naval War College at Newportthis time as president. Finishing the course, he completed a tour in the Office of Naval Intelligence before being posted to USS Mississippi (BB-41) in October 1929 as executive officer. Spruance himself directed a task group of battleships, cruisers and destroyers that left the main body to go after Japanese ships that were fleeing Truk, sinking the light cruiser Katori and destroyer Maikaze. [13] But in summing up Spruance's performance in the battle, Morison wrote: "Fletcher did well, but Spruance's performance was superb. At that time, Admiral Nimitz instituted a unique arrangement in which the command of the vessels which made up the "Big Blue Fleet" alternated between Admiral William Halsey Jr., at which time it was identified as the Third Fleet and Task Force 38, and Admiral Spruance, when it became the Fifth Fleet and Task Force 58. His tour of sea duty ended in 1921, and he spent the next three years with the Navy Departments Bureau of Engineering and the Doctrine of Aircraft board. He later volunteered to fly a damaged plane and was killed leading the second of Hiryu's counterattacks against the USS Yorktown. The Japanese felt that they had won the encounter. [31] The series, based on Herman Wouk's book of the same name, shows Spruance's decision to end the battle and retreat rather than confront the rest of the Japanese fleet as having been opposed by his subordinates, and he was mocked behind his back as "lacking the stomach." He decided to launch the planes from Enterprise and Hornet when they were about 175 miles from the enemys calculated position instead of postponing takeoff for another two hours in order to diminish the distance. After his funeral, he was buried at Golden Gate National Cemetery near the grave of his wartime commander, Nimitz. I was shanghaied ashore in November of the next year to take over as electrical superintendent at the New York Navy Yard, said Spruance. Spruance's achievements were acknowledged by the unique distinction of a special act of Congress awarding him Admiral's full pay for life. C. The Roman Catholic Church developed in Constantinople. He withdrew his ships westward, still hoping to draw Spruance into a trap. Admiral Spruance explained the U.S. victory at Midway in the following way. Spruance was calculating and cautious. Spruance's fast carrier commander, Marc Mitscher, told his chief of staff Arleigh Burke: You and I have been in many battles, and we know there are always some mistakes. The month before, American and Japanese naval units had fought the Battle of the Coral Sea, and both closely matched sides had suffered. Born on 3 July 1886, Spruance graduated from the US Naval Academy in 1906. He commanded that vessel during the patrols with the Atlantic Fleet until January 1920, when he assumed command of newly commissioned destroyer USS Percival in San Francisco, California. He commanded U.S. naval forces during one of the most significant naval battles that took place in the Pacific Theatre: the Battle of the Philippine Sea. Kennedy Hickman is a historian, museum director, and curator who specializes in military and naval history. Admiral Spruances last campaigns were the invasions of Iwo Jima and Okinawa, and he was awarded the Navy Cross for extraordinary heroism. He was promoted to captain in 1932, and the following year he was assigned as chief of staff and aide to the commander of a destroyer scouting force. One commentator said: The quick success of the offensive was attributed to the strategic daring by which Vice Admiral Spruances forces cut behind the eastern chain of the Marshalls. Raymond Spruance was born in Baltimore on July 3, 1886, the son of Alexander and Annie Spruance. Akagi class Japanese aircraft carrier that was part of the first detachment of the Japanese carrier strike force. Commanding the battleship for nearly two years, Spruance was aboard when World War II began in Europe. [6], Following his return to the United States, Spruance served aboard transport ship USS Agamemnon, before he was ordered to Bath Iron Works in Bath, Maine, for duty in connection with fitting out of destroyer USS Aaron Ward in March 1919. Morison, "Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions: May 1942 August 1942". Answer: Admiral Yamamoto had hoped to fight a classic-style sea battle with battleships, but Spruance had proved that the aircraft carrier was now emerging as the capital ship of naval combat forces. Akagi class Japanese aircraft carrier that served as the flagship of Admiral Nagumo. The Americans were gravely outnumbered by the lurking enemy armada. Grumman F4F-4 Wildcat fighters, Douglas SBD-3 Dauntless dive bombers and Douglas TBD-1 Devastator torpedo bombers thundered off the flight decks and rose to search for the enemy carriers. His flagship was badly damaged by the Japanese and was hit by two torpedoes from a Japanese submarine before sinking. [12] Spruance assumed command of Task Force 16 with its two carriers, USSEnterprise and USSHornet, under battle command of Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher. Towards the end of that year, Spruance commanded a cruiser division supporting Admiral Halsey's carrier, the 'Enterprise', at Wake Island. In January 1945, Spruance resumed command of the fleet and began moving against Iwo Jima. These attacks were followed by a raid against Marcus Island. Lt. Kabayashi leads Japanese bombers from the Hiryu to attack the USS Yorktown. Spruance rewarded his trust by playing a decisive role in the US victory at the Battle Of Midway. When New Mexico was struck by two kamikaze on the night of 12 May 1945 a hasty search by Spruance's staff found the Admiral manning a fire hose amidship. I am lazy, and I never have done things myself that I could get someone to do for me. Overseeing the Battle of Tarawa in November 1943, he guided Allied forces as they advanced through the Gilbert Islands. Then followed two years as assistant chief of staff to the commander of naval forces in Europe; a year of study at the Naval War College in Newport, R.I., where he completed the senior course; and two years of duty in the Office of Naval Intelligence. Fit into his 70s, Spruance spent most of his retirement days wearing old khakis and work shoes and working in his garden and greenhouse; he loved to show them to visitors. Admiral William L. Calhoun saw him as a cold-blooded fighting fool. The gallant carrier was crippled but nearly succeeded in reaching safety before torpedoes from Japanese submarine I-68 finally sank her three days later. A total of 1,132 enemy planes were put out of action. Landing troops on Saipan on June 15, he defeated Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa at the Battle of the Philippine Sea a few days later. The recipient of the letter below was his longtime friend and former chief-of-staff Captain Charles "Carl" J. Moore. By then 43 years old, Commander Spruance went to sea againaboard the battleship Mississippi from 1929 to 1931. erful leader. 108 planes under Juichi Tomanaga bomb and strafe Midway. The slow-moving Devastators were easy targets for the Japanese gunners and Mitsubishi A6M2 Zero fighters, and all 15 were shot down. Spruance died in Pebble Beach, California, on December 13, 1969, and was buried with full military honors at Golden Gate National Cemetery near San Francisco. Hiryu class Japanese aircraft carrier that was part of the second detachment of the Japanese carrier strike force. https://www.historynet.com/admiral-raymond-a-spruance-modest-victor-of-midway/, Jerrie Mock: Record-Breaking American Female Pilot, How Operation Homecoming Was Sprung into Action to Repatriate American POWs. Yet because of his modest, retiring nature, Spruance was never a popular hero in the manner of Admirals Nimitz, William F. Halsey and Marc A. Mitscher. "[16] Both Fletcher and Nimitz recommended Spruance for the Distinguished Service Medal for his role in the battle. The Japanese intercepted this and soon started sending messages that "AF was short on water. During WWII Italian Commandos Were Tasked to Ride Torpedoes. Richmond Kelly Turner and Harry W. Hill and Marine Generals Holland M. Smith and Julian C. Smith. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral during World War II. Early on the morning of Thursday, June 4, 1942, Nagumos carriers launched a 108-plane strike against Midway and inflicted A graduate of the US Naval Academy, Spruance commanded cruisers during the early months of the conflict and first came to prominence for helping lead American forces to victory at the pivotal Battle of Midway in June 1942. The fourth was a choice between Halsey and Spruance, and after much deliberation, eventually Halsey was appointed in December 1945. The U.S. fleet lost fewer men, but it lost a fleet carrier while the Japanese lost only the light carrier Shoho. For his actions at Iwo Jima and Okinawa, Spruance was awarded the Navy Cross. U.S. losses were low: 25 airplanes and 18 lives. HistoryNet.com is brought to you by HistoryNet LLC, the worlds largest publisher of history magazines. He's one of the finest officers I know of. Capturing and occupying Midway was the brainchild-plan of commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. After further schooling at the Stevens Preparatory School in New Jersey, Spruance applied to and was accepted by the US Naval Academy in 1903. From there, he went on to graduate from the U.S. John C. Waldron. The American toll was 1,100 dead and almost 2,300 wounded. As his staff worked, Halsey used the fleet to win the Battle of Leyte Gulf. World War II: Fleet Admiral William Halsey Jr. World War II Pacific: The Japanese Advance Stopped, M.S., Information and Library Science, Drexel University, B.A., History and Political Science, Pennsylvania State University. He organized the Japanese counterattack on the American carriers and is credited with the sinking of the USS Yorktown, the only American Carrier sunk at Midway. It would become on of the last aircraft carriers to be sunk in a war in all of history during the battle of Leyte Gulf 2-3 years later. 1155 (August 1946): 144-157. Official Navy historian Samuel Eliot Morison characterized Spruance's performance as "superb", and he was nicknamed "electric brain" for his calmness even in moments of supreme crisis, a reputation enhanced by his successful tactics. His torpedo bombershaving switched to bombs for the attack on Midwaywere away, and most of his protective fighters were out on patrol. Lieutenant aboard the Hiryu who led and was killed during the first Japanese counterattack after the sinking of 3 Japanese aircraft carriers. When Midway began on June 4, 1942 the first few waves of U.S. aircraft were greatly outnumbered by Japanese forces. United States Aircraft Carrier attached to Task Force 16. However, his actions were both praised and understood by the main persons ordering and directly involved in the battle. Lieutenant in command of the USS Yorktown air group. The Saipan campaign began with air attacks on June 10, 1944. At the Battle of the Coral Sea, the Japanese won a tactical victory, but suffered an operational-level defeat: it did not invade Port . While both Fletcher and Spruance were rear admirals, Fletcher was senior and nominally in overall command. Spruance was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on July 3, 1886, to Alexander and Annie Hiss Spruance. Early in his career he was He has appeared on The History Channel as a featured expert. Adding to the surprise factor was the fact that Admirals Yamamoto and Nagumo did not believe the U.S. Pacific Fleet was at sea. Admiral Nimitz praised Spruance for a remarkable job. northwestward of Midway. Yamato class battleship that served as the Japanese Combined Fleet's Flagship, housing Admiral Yamamoto. Spruance was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal, and in May 1943 he was promoted to vice admiral. Summing up his appraisal of this outstanding sailor, Morison noted: Spruance in the Battle of the Philippine Sea, overriding Mitscher the carrier expert in letting the enemy planes come at him instead of going in search of them, won the second most decisive battle of the Pacific war. Naval Academy in 1906,[5] and received further, hands-on education in electrical engineering a few years later. "World War II: Admiral Raymond Spruance." At 0530 June 4, a scout plane from Midway sighted the Kido Butai, however the scout only reported sighting "Two carriers and battleships", and giving course and speed. Hickman, Kennedy. Launched the planes that were responsible for the sinking of nearly all 4 Japanese Carriers at Midway. catalogued as someone to watch; there was never any possibility that he would be passed over in the lists for promotion. Arriving back in the United States, he underwent additional training in electrical engineering at General Electric before being posted to USS Connecticut (BB-18) in May 1910. Morisons text refers to Spruance, victor at Midway. Promoted to captain the following year, he departed to take the position of Chief of Staff and Aide to Commander Destroyers, Scouting Fleet in May 1933. Japanese naval force tasked with the invasion of the Aleutian Islands under Vice Admiral Kakuta with aircraft carriers Junyo and Ryuho. Admiral Spruance was buried with full honors alongside Admirals Nimitz and Kelly Turner in a military cemetery overlooking San Francisco Bay. Before the Battle of the Coral Sea on 7-8 May 1942, the Imperial Navy of Japan had swept aside all of its enemies from the Pacific and Indian oceans. Aircraft carrier that served as the flagship of Task Force 17 and Admiral Fletcher. the prospects for its inclusion in doctrine The logical starting point is Admiral Chester Nimitz's famous "letter of instruction" (actually, of course, transmitted . With it he intended to significantly expand the Imperial Japanese Navy's outer defense perimeter across the central Pacific; and, he believed, this very powerful stroke against Midway would so severely threaten Hawaii and Pearl Harbor that the U.S. government would be induced to sue for peace. He managed to gain an appointment from Indiana to the U.S. Then he returned to the Naval War College as a staff member. [7], He commanded the Percival during the sea trials off the California coast and during the patrol cruises with the Destroyer Force, Pacific Fleet until May 1922, when he was ordered to Washington, D.C., for duty in the Bureau of Engineering under Rear Admiral John K. Robison. When Vice Adm. Bull Halsey was confined to a hospital with a skin disease, Pacific Fleet Commander Nimitz appointed Spruance to succeed him as commander of Task Force 16. McClusky led one squadron, VB-6, against the carrier Kaga, while the other Enterprise squadron pounced on Nagumos flagship, Akagi. Japanese submarine I-168 torpedoes and torpedoes a damaged US aircraft carrier and its escorting destroyer. When not in command of the fleet the admirals, and their staffs, were based at Pearl Harbor and planned future operations. Spruance became a shadowy sort of legend in the Navy. ), honoris causa degree from Central Philippine University in 1955, an institution of higher learning founded by the American Baptist missionary, William Orison Valentine in 1905. Spruance was put in command of Task Force 16, which included two carriers: USS Enterprise and USS Hornet, and was instrumental in the decisive US victory in the Battle of Midway. As the war progressed, Spruance became one of two primary . My personal congratulations. Japanese Admiral and a pioneer in aircraft carrier warfare. Moving forward in mid-1944, Spruance embarked on a campaign in the Marianas Islands. The enemy units were forced to withdraw their battered aircraft carrier Shokaku, while the Americans had to abandon the old, cherished carrier Lexington. Spruance was an active man who thought nothing of walking eight or 10 miles a day. On February 19, American forces landed and opened the Battle of Iwo Jima. 7 reviews. Returning to Newport, Spruance remained at the college until retiring from the US Navy on July 1, 1948. Meanwhile, Task Force 58 was busy in the forefront of clearing the Japanese from the 600-mile-long Marianas chain. 2015. By that time, he was said to be an expert on the many engines, instruments and guns that go into a battleship. Halsey was aggressive and a risk taker. He began attendance at the Naval War College in 1926, and graduated in 1927. In April, Nimitz divided command of the Central Pacific Force between Spruance and Halsey. He did not discuss his private life, feelings, prejudices, hopes or fears, except with his family and his closest friends. He studied hard, and when he graduated in September 1906, he stood 26th in his class. Hiryu class Japanese aircraft carrier that was the flagship of the second detachment of the carrier strike force. Japanese Admiral in command of the second division of the carrier strike force based on Aircraft Carrier IJN Hiryu. Despite this, some detractors argued that Spruances tactics at Philippine Sea were overly cautious. Spruance is depicted as the controversial victor of Midway by G. D. Spradlin in the 1988 TV miniseries War and Remembrance. The Japanese carriers were beginning to launch fighters as Torpedo 8 roared down to attack, without fighter cover. He was responsible for leading the 5th Fleet into the pivotal Battle of the Philippines Sea, nicknamed the 'Great Marianas Turkey Shoot' because a total of 365 Japanese planes were brought down. After Midway, although the Japanese still held a temporary advantage in vessels and planes, the U.S. Navy and the nation gained confidence and, most critically, time. Most of Nagumo's attack planes had just returned from the first strike on Midway and were immobilized on the carrier hangers, while his combat air patrol cover planes were engaged with battling torpedo bombers from Hornet. Serving in Manila, Spruance remained abroad until resigning his post in 1955. So the US navy had a good idea of what to expect from the Japanese fleet and how to counterattack it. After three days of pre-invasion bombardment, Marines landed on Roi Islet and captured it the same day. In the opening weeks of the conflict, Spruance's cruisers served under Vice Admiral William "Bull" Halsey and took part in raids against the Gilbert and Marshall Islands before striking Wake Island. Then it was back to Pebble Beach. Midway bought the United States valuable time until the new Essex-class fleet carriers became available at the end of the year. Samuel Eliot Morison agreed: Power of decision and coolness in action were perhaps Spruances leading characteristics. Over in the Navy Cross and its escorting destroyer and Kelly Turner in a military Cemetery overlooking San Francisco.... 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