The community knows Miss Marie as the Maginot Line. [18], After 1918, the German economy was twice as large as that of France; Germany had a population of 70 million compared to France's 40 million, and the French economy was hobbled by the need to reconstruct the enormous damage of World War I, while German territory had seen little fighting. Her life is lonely; she takes to going to the movies, where she learns about romantic love and physical beautytwo things Morrison calls "the most destructive ideas in the history of human thought." THE MAGINOT LINE I31 ernment.I As a result, much of the spirit of the reform was quietly nullified, though the law, including the two-year service, remained on the statute books. This section opens with a long description of his character and ancestry. It was part of a bigger plan to force a German attack through Belgium. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. March 1, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 They live above the Breedlove apartment and befriend Pecola. Here the Line ran east-west, around the villages of Rittershoffen and Hatten, south of Wissembourg. Pecola, not knowing that the meat is poisoned, brings it to the dog. Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article: Walter Sanders/The LIFE Picture Collection via Getty Images, Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty Images. The Maginot Line was invulnerable to aerial bombings and tank fire; it featured underground railways as a backup. These GFM cloches were sometimes used to emplace machine guns or observation periscopes. The problem was that Maginot Line, a great line of fortifications that spanned France's borders with several neighbors, was essentially a glorified trench. [18] Given the diplomatic situation in the late 1920s, the Quai d'Orsay informed the government that French military planning should be based on a worst-case scenario that France would fight the next war against Germany without the help of Britain or the United States. Maginot Line. Sometimes it can end up there. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. They had found that the question of the cou- Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. He shot at Henry and Henry ran away. Continue to start your free trial. [18] The decision to build the Maginot Line in 1929 was a tacit French admission that without the Rhineland as collateral, Germany was soon going to rearm and that the terms of Part V had a limited lifespan. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. For the girls, the beauty of the homes likewise signifies their worth and the worth of the people who live in them. Mr. Yacobowski The local grocer, a middle-aged white immigrant. At a conference in London in 1924 to settle the Franco-German crisis caused by the Ruhrkampf, the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald successfully pressed the French Premier douard Herriot to make concessions to Germany. The World War II German invasion plan of 1940 (Sichelschnitt) was designed to deal with the line. Chollys father, who abandoned Chollys mother when she got pregnant. Read more about sexual initiation as a theme. The Maginot Line, an array of defenses that France built along its border with Germany in the 1930s, was designed to prevent an invasion. . The infantry manned the lighter weapons of the fortresses and formed units with the mission of operating outside if necessary. Frieda ran from the house to find her parents, who were in the garden, and told them what had happened. In the 17th century, from his luxurious palace at Versailles, Louis XIV oversaw the construction of citadels and fortresses meant to mark and protect the Sun King's territory. "My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." Love in the Bluest Eye is often paired with violence. In the following days, infantry divisions of the 1st Army attacked fortifications on each side of the penetration, capturing four petits ouvrages. The girls admire her light skin and social status, and they are jealous of both. When France withdrew from NATO's military component in 1966, much of the line was abandoned, with the NATO facilities turned back over to French forces and the rest of it auctioned off to the public or left to decay. [4], Postwar assessment of whether the Maginot Line served its purpose has been mixed. 15. Free trial is available to new customers only. [18] The power of properly dug-in defensive trenches had been amply demonstrated during World War I, when a few soldiers manning a single machine gun post could kill hundreds of the enemy in the open and therefore building a massive defensive line with subterranean concrete shelters was the most rational use of French manpower. The design of the casemates is similar to the ones found in the southern part of the Maginot Line, and photographs of them are often confused with Maginot forts. This passage foretells the sexual violence and oppression experienced by the female characters of The Bluest Eye. These were buried concrete bunkers designed to house and shelter up to a company of infantry (200 to 250 men). [47][48] More seriously, historians have noted rather than the Germans doing what the French had envisioned, the French played into the Germans' hand, culminating in their defeat. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. Their misinterpretation highlights their innocence. $24.99 Teachers and parents! But when Hitler and the Nazis rose to power in the early 1930s, they quickly backed out of the Treaty of Versailles and began equipping for a much different kind of war. 6. [53] New York Times headlined "Maginot Line in the Sky" in 2000[54] and "A New Maginot Line" in 2001. Gros Ouvrages: These fortresses were the most important fortifications on the Maginot Line, having the sturdiest construction and the heaviest artillery. Winston Churchill. for a group? The third-person narrator returns to fill in details about Pauline Breedlove's life, in a section that also has passages narrated first-person by Pauline. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. [18] French decision-makers knew that the victory of 1918 had been achieved because the British Empire and the United States were allies in the war and that the French would have been defeated on their own. But it was too late to reorganize the entire French military in a matter of months. You can view our. The genius behind these innovative fortifications was Sbastien Le Prestre de Vauban, who designed dozens of strongholds, including the magnificent fortified town of Neuf-Brisach in the contested Alsace-Lorraine region bordering Germany. How did this happen? You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. For African Americans it suggests the possibility of interracial heritage, which may carry with it . Fortress construction in France continued through the 19th century. Her family, looking for a better life, migrates from Alabama to Kentucky while she is a girl. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. 7. The heavy fortifications were designed to block the most direct line of attack into France and avoid repeating what happened in WWI, when the German forces occupied large swaths of the strategically important Alsace-Lorraine region. [13] From 1871 forward, French elites had concluded that France had no hope of defeating Germany on its own, and France would need an alliance with another great power to defeat the Reich. She finds Frieda upstairs crying. Under the Treaty of Versailles, France was to occupy the Rhineland region of Germany until 1935. Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs The rejection by Samson Fuller is a turning point in Cholly's life: "Abandoned in a junk heap by his mother, rejected for a crap game by his father, there was nothing more to lose." Frieda equates being "ruined" to being like the Maginot Line, because she heard her mother say that the Maginot Line was a "ruined" woman. His mother vanishes, and his father had already skipped town before Cholly was born. [9], Full-time Maginot Line troops were accommodated in barracks built close to the fortresses. Pecolas mother, who believes that she is ugly; this belief has made her lonely and cold. resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss thenovel. Such accusations are unfounded". for a customized plan. Today the Maginot Line has become a metaphor for expensive efforts which offer only a false sense of security. Keep in mind, says Kirchubel, that the French didn't believe that the Maginot Line alone could win another war with Germany. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! Frieda and Claudia decide to ask Pecola to get whisky from her father in order to keep Frieda from getting fat. By the time the Germans crossed into French soil through Belgium, the fight was all but over. Then another neighbor, Miss Dunion, came in and suggested that they take Frieda to the doctor because she might be ruined, a fear that now makes Frieda weep. His active response contrasts with Pecolaspassivity. Friedas experience is frightening and confusing, but she is quickly defended by her protective parents, and Henry is a foolish rather than a threatening figure. The protagonist of the novel, an eleven-year-old Black girl who believes that she is ugly and that having blue eyes would make her beautiful. -Graham S. The girls misunderstanding of what their parents mean by the word "ruined" speaks to their naivet with regard to sexual matters. On the balcony above the door, Marie (the Maginot Line) is having a drink of root-beer. While the accommodations weren't luxurious, the barracks and mess halls were a tremendous improvement over the mud, freezing cold and disease of WWI trenches. (including. Heavy rail artillery was hauled by locomotives to planned locations to support the emplaced artillery in the fortresses, which was intentionally limited in range to 1012km (67mi). She then tells the girls that they can wait with her until Pecola is back, offering them pop to drink while they wait. [16] When the Control Commission was dissolved, the commissioners in their final report issued a blistering statement, stating that Germany had never sought to abide by Part V and the Reichswehr had been engaging in covert rearmament all through the 1920s. creating and saving your own notes as you read. In contrast, the propaganda about the line made it appear far greater a construction than it was; illustrations showed multiple storeys of interwoven passages and even underground rail yards and cinemas. But they still do not know what ruined means, and not understanding what makes the prostitute distasteful to their mother, they focus on what makes the prostitute distasteful to themher fatness. An independent and strong-minded nine-year-old, Claudia is a fighter and rebels against adults tyranny over children and against the Black communitys idealization of white beauty standards. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Bluest Eye. By the end of the novel, through Pecola's experience, the MacTeer sisters will have a much better understanding of ruin. Struggling with distance learning? Their purpose was to locate the enemy, direct and correct the indirect fire of artillery, and report on the progress and position of critical enemy units. The largest guns were, therefore 135mm (5.3in) fortress guns; larger weapons were to be part of the mobile forces and were to be deployed behind the lines. Pecolas fourteen-year-old brother, who copeswith his familys problems by running away fromhome. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! They realize the other prostitutes are not fat, and based on their mother's gossip about the prostitutes believe the reason for this is because they drink whiskey. Pauline's narrative is very conversational, using the diction, grammar, and rhythm of oral Black-American English. The theme of love's scarcity can be seen in the treatment of Marie and the other prostitutes, whose names recall their vulnerable status. Borey, Eddie. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. Observation Posts were located on hills that provided a good view of the surrounding area. These outposts covered the main passages within the principal line. LitCharts Teacher Editions. (including. Mrs. Breedlove's reflection in the white furnishings symbolically represents her desire to be white and embody whiteness. They find Pecola at the back of one of the prettiest houses. Spring arrives, and Claudia associates this event with being whipped with a switch instead of a strap. You can view our. She then throws her root-beer bottle down at the girls' feet and laughs loudly, terrifying the girls, who run until they can't run any farther. There are several kinds of armoured cloches. When the British Expeditionary Force landed in France in September 1939, they and the French reinforced and extended the Maginot line to the sea in a flurry of construction from 1939 to 1940, accompanied by general improvements all along the line. In her distress, Mrs. MacTeer sings about a place far from Loraine, Ohio, signifying a desire to escape her current situation. Both of the girls think that being ruined means becoming fat like Marie, and believe that Poland and China aren't fat only because they drink whiskey. [26] Germany had to import most of its iron, rubber, oil, bauxite, copper and nickel, making naval blockade a devastating weapon against the German economy. Her mother reinforces this connection as well. Elihue hates the animal and longs to poison it, but he convinces himself that he wishes to poison it for the animal's own sake. [17] With the United States isolationist and Britain stoutly refusing to make the "continental commitment" to defend France on the same scale as in World War I, the prospects of Anglo-American assistance in another war with Germany appeared to be doubtful at best. Elihue's own education brings him into contact with the Western canon, but in these great works he understands only what he wishes to see. Pauline describes the first steady job she landed, working as a housekeeper for an ungenerous and pretentious white family. LitCharts Teacher Editions. Claudia and Frieda run away and decide that even though Pecolas mother works on the other side of town, Friedas situation is dire enough that they should go find her. The elderly woman who raises Cholly. The German Army, having reformulated their plans from a repeat of the First World War-era plan, became aware of and exploited this weak point in the French defensive front. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. Her jealousy shows her inability to conceptualize the trauma incurred during such an experience. Frieda and Claudia walk to the lakefront houses, in a beautiful neighborhood with a park that is for white children only. After an afternoon of relaxing in a field, splitting milkweed stems. The moment where she loses her tooth in the movie theatre is painful: juxtaposing Pauline as an awkward, gap-toothed, pregnant black woman to the idealized (and illusory) image of Jean Harlow on the screen shows the power of these images to destroy a black woman's belief in her own beauty. Read an in-depth analysis of Pauline Breedlove. The Maginot Line took 10 years to build, starting in 1929. This chapter emphasizes the ignorance and confusion that accompany Friedas experience of becoming a sexual being. It is the Maginot Line. Dunion. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. The blocks contained infrastructure such as power stations, independent ventilating systems, barracks and mess halls, kitchens, water storage and distribution systems, hoists, ammunition stores, workshops and spare parts and food stores. 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