vijayanagar empire drishti ias

This worked for a while but eventually made him very unpopular among his people and the Muslim rulers. The site owner may have set restrictions that prevent you from accessing the site. The empire's legacy includes monuments spread over South India, the best known of which is the group at Hampi. They used the Dravidian style of architecture later added some unique features to it and it came to be called as Vijayanagara style. Benchmarking of students through weekly revision tests for students8. [154] According to Mack, the majority of the inscriptions recovered are from the rule of the Tuluva dynasty (from 1503 to 1565) with the Saluva dynasty (from 1485 to 1503) inscribing the least in its brief control over the empire. He defeated Prataparudra Gajapati of Orissa. The Vijayanagara Empire, also known as the Karnata Kingdom or Vijayanagara Samrajya, was established in 1336 CE on the southern banks of river Tungabhadra in the present state of Karnataka in India. Another form of documentation was on copper plates that were meant for record keeping. Some famous temples exemplifying the Vijayanagar style include the Virupaksha Temple at Hampi and the Hazara Rama temple of Deva Raya I etc. This area was fertile and rich in mineral resources. Like the Virashaiva movement of the 12th century, this movement presented another strong current of devotion, pervading the lives of millions. The most imposing figure of this temple is Trimurthi It is said to represent the three aspects of Shiva as creator, preserver and destroyer. The gopurams built under the Nayaka rulers were some of the largest gopurams. Elephanta cave, an island, has seven caves. [171] Their inspirations were the teachings of Madhvacharya and Vyasatirtha. Medieval India History Vijayanagar Empire (1336-1672) 2 minute read Total 0 Vijayanagar Empire (1336-1672) Prominent languages Kannada, Telegu, Sanskrit Consist of four major dynasties viz. This was known as the Stellate plan. Further south the provincial Nayaks of Tanjore patronised several women poets. [80], The empire was divided into five main provinces (Rajya), each under a commander (Dandanayaka or Dandanatha) and headed by a governor, often from the royal family, who used the native language for administrative purposes. The wealth and fame of the empire inspired visits by and writings of medieval European travelers such as Domingo Paes, Ferno Nunes, and Niccol de' Conti. Kingdom of Vijayanagar was founded by Harihara and Bukka of Sangama Dynasty, in 1336, when Mohammad bin Tughlaq moved to Delhi from Daultabad. The empire's war strategy rarely involved massive invasions; more often it employed small-scale methods such as attacking and destroying individual forts. [107] There are controversial views among historians regarding this practice including religious compulsion, marital affection, martyrdom or honor against subjugation by foreign intruders. Sri Ranga was defeated by Mir Jumla of Golconda in battle of Vandavasi in 1647. These communities lived in separate sections of the city to avoid disputes, especially when it came to social privileges. Some of the features of the architecture are as follows: The southern Indian kingdoms in the medieval era had an immense contribution. He invaded Burma and became overlord of the kings of Burma at Pegu and Tanasserim. He wrote his memoir as Chronica dos reis de Bisnaga, in which he stated Vijayanagara was "as large as Rome, and very beautiful to the sight the best provided city in the world". It was also known as Madurai school. Influence of Dravidian style is seen in intricate carvings and sculptures, design of Vimana and step or terraced Shikara of Vesara temples. [174][175], At this peak of Telugu literature, the most famous writing in the Prabandha style was Manucharitamu. The last king virupaksharaya was dethroned by his commander. [149] The arrival of the Portuguese in the 15th century and their connections through trade with the empire, the propagation of the faith by Saint Xavier (1545) and later the presence of Dutch settlements fostered the growth of Christianity in the south. Diamond mining was active in the Kollur region. [94], East coast trade routes were busy, with goods arriving from Golkonda where rice, millet, pulses and tobacco were grown on a large scale. They made Hampi the capital city. A Tar made of pure silver was a sixth of a Phanam and a Chital made of brass was a third of the Tar. There are many arches, domes and vaults that show these influences. Chandragiri (15921604). These inscriptions reinforce the theory that a system of social mandates within community groups existed and were widely practiced even though these practices did not find justification in the family laws described in the religious texts. They ascended the social ladder by abandoning their original occupations and adopting to a martial code of living, ethics and practices. [23] One is that Harihara I and Bukka I, the founders of the empire, were Kannadigas and commanders in the army of the Hoysala Empire stationed in the Tungabhadra region to ward off Muslim invasions from Northern India. It is associated with the Chola Empire, one of the longest-ruling and most influential dynasties in South India. [91] Most of the growers were tenant farmers and were given the right of part ownership of the land over time. [120], The Vijayanagara kings were tolerant of all religions and sects, as writings by foreign visitors show. Different temple building traditions in South and Central India were merged into the Vijayanagara architecture style. Admissions closing on 10 DEC'22 | Enrol now - https://bit.ly/upscbatch9A time-tested focused method for clearing Prelims 20231. King Krishnadevaraya's personal army consisted of 100,000 infantry, 20,000 cavalrymen, and over 900 elephants. Introduce briefly about the Vijayanagar kingdom. [17][18] He created the Kampili kingdom near Gulbarga and Tungabhadra River in the northeastern parts of present-day Karnataka state. Krishnadeva Raya is considered to be one of the greatest kings of the Vijayanagar Empire and his rule is often regarded as golden period in history of South India. The Vijaynagar Empire, or Vijayanagar Empire, was one of the prominent empires of medieval India. [182], Notable among secular writings on music and medicine were Vidyaranya's Sangitsara, Praudha Raya's Ratiratnapradipika, Sayana's Ayurveda Sudhanidhi and Lakshmana Pandita's Vaidyarajavallabham. Introduce briefly about the medieval era of south India. This article gives all the relevant information about the Vijayanagara Empire for the upcoming UPSC 2023 exam. The empire ruled from 1336 AD to 1646 AD although the power of the empire declined after the Battle of Talikota in 1565 AD. Some of the unique features are as follows: Contribution of later Chalukya or Vesara Style: It was conceptualized under the later Chalukya rulers in the mid-7th century AD. [50] The empire came under the rule of Krishna Deva Raya in 1509, another son of Tuluva Narasa Nayaka. UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination 2023 (CSAT Answer Key). The philosophy of Madhvacharya was spread by eminent disciples such as Naraharitirtha, Jayatirtha, Sripadaraya, Vyasatirtha, Vadirajatirtha and others. The empire is named after its capital city of Vijayanagara, whose ruins surround present day Hampi, now a World Heritage Site in Karnataka, India. His governor Saluva Narasimha reduced the loss of territory by holding almost all of coastal Andhra Pradesh south of the Krishna river, Chittoor, the two Arcots and Kolar. Under the leadership of its several rulers, the state made a remarkable progress in the economic, cultural, political and social fields. Haga, Visa and Kasu were also coins of lower denominations. The Vijayanagara Empire (also called the Karnata Kingdom [3]) ) was a mediaeval Indian Empire that covered much of the region of South India, controlling the lands of the modern states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Goa and some parts of Telangana and Maharashtra. The Kannada and Telugu literature, like Manucharitram, Saluvabhyudayam, etc., patronized in the Vijayanagar court, give genealogical, political and social information. The Vijayangar Empire was founded by 2 brothers, Harihara and Bukka. Cloth printed with coloured patterns crafted by native techniques were exported to Java and the Far East. Srirangam copper plates of Devaraya II provide the genealogy and achievements of Vijayanagar rulers. Day 43 Question 1: Discuss the contribution of Vijayanagar in art and literature. The classical music of Southern India, Carnatic music, evolved into its current form. Monolithic rock pillars were present. [65], Eventually the Deccan sultanates to the north of Vijayanagara united and attacked Rama Raya's army in January 1565 in the Battle of Talikota. Purandaradasa and Kanakadasa are considered the foremost among many Dasas (devotees) by virtue of their immense contribution. Rice, Sorghum (jowar), cotton, and pulse legumes grew in semi-arid regions, while sugarcane, and wheat thrived in rainy areas. 12th, 1st and 2nd Floor, Adichunchanagiri Road, Block K, 1st Stage, Kuvempu Nagara, Mysuru- 570023, Karnataka. Vijayanagar Empire in Hindi Home - , ! [131] Over one-fourth of the archaeological dig found an "Islamic Quarter" not far from the "Royal Quarter". Workbook-based Test SeriesJoin our flagship UPSC IAS Live SIP+ 2023 Batch to prepare for prelims 2023 exam.Batch starting on 19th December, 2022 | Timing - 7:00 PMJoin Now : https://bit.ly/SIP_Clear_Prelims_2023Join our Most Requested NCERT LIVE Batch to start your UPSC Journey. Vijayanagar empire played a very imp role in the development of temple art Vijaynagar - UPSC GS1 Read More Local materials were used to construct the buildings. Enrol to StudyIQ's Flagship UPSC IAS (Pre + Mains) LIVE Foundation Batch 9. The capital of the empire was Vijayanagara, present days Hampi in Karnataka. [24][25][26][27] Another theory is that Harihara and Bukkaraya were Telugu people, first associated with the Kakatiya Kingdom, who took control of the northern parts of the Hoysala Empire during its decline. The rock-cut idol of Narasimha on Shesha (snake) at Hampi is a marvel in itself. The Konkan was a narrow strip of land between the Western Ghats and the sea. [15][16], Further south in the Deccan region, Hoysala commander Singeya Nayaka-III declared independence after the Muslim forces of the Delhi Sultanate defeated and captured the territories of the Yadava Empire in 1294CE. [62] This included both Deccani Muslims recruited from anywhere in the Deccan or Westerners from beyond the Persian Gulf. The Portuguese visitors to the empire were Domingo Paes (1522), Ferno Nunes (1537),[157] Duarte Barbosa (1516) and Barradas (1616), and Athanasius Nikitin (1470) came from Russia. Examples: Doddabasappa Temple at Dambal, Ladkhan Temple at Aihole and temples at Badami. Saluva Narashimha defeated the Gajapatis and held Udayagiri, drove out the Pandyas from Tanjore, and took procession of Machilipatnam and Kondaveedu. Candidates can read other NCERT Notes on History of Medieval India to prepare for UPSC IAS Prelims and Mains exam. After the death of Veeranarasimha , prime minister Thimmarasu installed Krishnadevaraya on throne. [14] It is not clear whether the name was derived from Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya or Narasimha Raya II. Without a good score in Optionals, it is difficult to get a good rank. This is especially evident from the number of temple cash grants that were made. (250 Words)Question 2: Discuss the cultural development in South India during medieval era. By 1336 the upper Deccan region (modern-day Maharashtra and Telangana) had been defeated by armies of Sultan Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad bin Tughluq of the Delhi Sultanate. The Persian visitor Firishta attributes Deva Raya II's war preparations, which included augmenting his armies with Muslim archers and cavalry, to be the cause of the conflict. As in most Indian societies, jewellery was used by men and women and records describe the use of anklets, bracelets, finger-rings, necklaces and ear rings of various types. But all kings were tolerant towards other religions. This synthesis inspired architectural innovations in the construction of Hindu temples. [36] Firuz Bahmani of Bahmani Sultanate entered into a treaty with Deva Raya I in 1407 that required the latter to pay Bahmani an annual tribute of "100,000 huns, five maunds of pearls and fifty elephants". [190], An aspect of Vijayanagara architecture that shows the cosmopolitanism of the great city is the presence of many secular structures bearing Islamic features. [34], With the Vijayanagara Kingdom now imperial in stature, Harihara II, the second son of Bukka Raya I, further consolidated the kingdom beyond the Krishna River and South India was controlled by the Vijayanagara Empire. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Residential property taxes were called Illari. Srinatha, who wrote books such as Marutratcharitamu and Salivahana-sapta-sati, was patronised by King Devaraya II and enjoyed the same status as important ministers in the court. Riyaz-ul-Insha, Manazir-ul-insha are his works. When a sister of Sultan Adil Shah of Bijapur was married to Nizam Shah of Ahmednagar, the town of Sholapur was given to the bride by her family. He was responsible for developing and nurturing Carnatic musical tradition by providing shelter to musicians such as Vyasa Raya, who was the propagator of Haridasa movement in Karnataka. Before the early 14th-century rise of the Vijayanagara Empire, the Hindu states of the Deccan the Yadava Empire of Devagiri, the Kakatiya dynasty of Warangal, and the Pandyan Empire of Madurai were repeatedly raided and attacked by Muslims from the north. [70], After Rama Raya's death, Tirumala Deva Raya started the Aravidu dynasty, founded a new capital of Penukonda to replace the destroyed Hampi, and attempted to reconstitute the remains of Vijayanagara Empire. In other areas, the administration encouraged digging wells, which were monitored by administrative authorities. [56] The empire gained territory formerly under the Sultanates in the northern Deccan, such as Raichur and Gulbarga from the Bahamani Sultanate, territories in the eastern Deccan from wars with Sultan Quli Qutb Shahi of Golkonda, and Kalinga region from the Gajapatis of Odisha. The empire's patronage enabled fine arts and literature to reach new heights in Kannada, Telugu, Tamil, and Sanskrit with topics such as astronomy, mathematics, medicine, fiction, musicology, historiography and theater gaining popularity. He was also the supreme commander of the army. He also subdued rebelling chiefs of the Chera, the Chola and the Pandya territories. Hampi is declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. The Haridasa poets celebrated their devotion through songs called Devaranama (lyrical poems) in the native meters of Sangatya (quatrain), Suladi (beat based), Ugabhoga (melody based) and Mundige (cryptic). He started his eastern campaign in 1513AD. The Vijaynagar Empire was founded by two brothers named Harihara and Bukka in 1336 A.D. [20][21] The Vijayanagara Kingdom was founded in 1336CE as a successor to the hitherto prosperous Hindu kingdoms of the Hoysalas, the Kakatiyas, and the Yadavas with the breakaway Kampili Kingdom adding a new dimension to the resistance to the Muslim invasion of South India. Ellora, Ajantha and Elephanta are centres of their art. [102] Artisans consisted of blacksmiths, goldsmiths, brasssmiths and carpenters. Hereditary families ruled their respective territories and paid tribute to the empire, while some areas, such as Keladi and Madurai, came under the direct supervision of a commander. [183] The Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics flourished during this period with scholars such as Madhava, who made important contributions to trigonometry and calculus, and Nilakantha Somayaji, who postulated on the orbitals of planets. [57][58] Many important monuments were either completed or commissioned during the time of King Krishnadevaraya. Topic- salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times. Talbot explains this scenario as one of shifting political solidarity. The presence of Prakarams or huge corridors in the portico, around the garbhagriha, along with roofed ambulatory passageways. Identification of castes and sub-castes was made based on temple affiliations, lineage, family units, royal retinues, warrior clans, occupational groups, agricultural and trade groups, devotional networks, and even priestly cabals. Their numbers ensured their daily duties were light. [192] The "Great Platform" (Mahanavami Dibba) has relief carvings in which the figures seem to have the facial features of central Asian Turks who were known to have been employed as royal attendants. Harihara was crowned king in 1346. The Vijayanagara empire was originally founded in Karnataka, with Andhra Pradesh serving as a province of the empire. Time is running out and seats are limited for the batch. After its defeat to the Sultanates in 1565 and the sacking of the royal capital Vijayanagara, the diminished empire moved its capital to Southern Andhra Pradesh, creating an enterprise dominated by Telugu language. Also mention the reasons why rulers of Vijayanagar were fighting for doabs and Marathwada. Massive emphasis was laid on the decoration of the temple through sculptures. Influence of Nagara style is in the curvilinear shikhara and the square base of Vesara temples. Discuss the cultural development in South India by various rulers during medieval era. These kings are known to have employed many Muslims in their army and court, some of whom may have been Muslim architects. [59], Krishna Deva Raya was succeeded by his younger half-brother Achyuta Deva Raya in 1529. [147] Muslim settlers married local women; their children were known as Mappillas (Moplahs) and were actively involved in horse trading and manning shipping fleets. Vijayanagar was ruled by four different dynasties, Bukkas son kamparaya annexed Madurai. His rule was characterised by expansion and consolidation. [90], According to Abdur Razzak, much of the empire was fertile and well cultivated. They were sent to crush a rebellion in the South. [112] In stark contrast to the commoners whose lives were modest, the lives of royalty were full of ceremonial pomp. Day 43Question 1: Discuss the contribution of Vijayanagar in art and literature. 132728. Robert Sewell notes that a big dam across was built the Tungabhadra and an aqueduct 15 miles (24km) long was cut out of rock (, The notes of Portuguese Barbosa confirms a very rich and well provided Vijayanagara city. [180] The other six poets were Nandi Thimmana (Mukku Timmana), Ayyalaraju Ramabhadra, Madayyagari Mallana, Bhattu Murthi (Ramaraja Bhushana), Pingali Surana, and Dhurjati. [187], Another element of the Vijayanagara style is the carving and consecration of large monoliths such as the Sasivekaalu (mustard) Ganesha and Kadalekaalu (ground nut) Ganesha at Hampi, the Gommateshwara (Bahubali) monoliths in Karkala and Venur, and the Nandi bull in Lepakshi. The security of the merchandise was guaranteed by the administration officials. [193], In the memoirs of Niccol de' Conti, an Italian merchant and traveller who visited Hampi about 1420, the city had an estimated circumference of 60 miles (97km) and it enclosed agriculture and settlements in its fortifications. [49], In 1503, Narasa Nayaka's son Vira Narasimha had prince Immadi Narasimha of the Saluva dynasty assassinated and took over the rule in a coup thus becoming the first of the Tuluva dynasty rulers. [41] He quelled rebelling feudal lords and the Zamorin of Calicut and Quilon in the south. Temple complex was enclosed by boundaries. (, From the notes of Persian Abdur Razzak and research by B.A. The geography of both the kingdoms was such that expansion was possible only across Tungabhadra in the Deccan. Portugese governor Alfanso de Alburque concluded treaty with Krishnadevaraya. Today its Indias top website and an institution when it comes to imparting quality content, guidance and teaching for IAS Exam. The walls of the temples were highly decorated with carvings and geometrical patterns. Land revenue was the major source of income to the state. Popular temple destinations charged visitor fees called Perayam or Kanike. The empire was founded in the fourteenth century (1336 AD) by Harihara and Bukka of the Sangama dynasty. Vijayanagara or "city of victory" was the name of both a city and an empire. [197], In 1520, Domingo Paes, a Portuguese traveller, visited Vijayanagara as a part of trade contingent from Portuguese Goa. Penukonda (15651592) #B-10, 3rd Floor, Bada Bazar Rd, Old Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, Delhi 110060, B22, 2nd floor,sector k near bati choka restuarant Aliganj, Lucknow Uttar pradesh Pincode -226024, 3rd Floor, Opposite Hotel Solar Residency, Aramwari, Pathanbagh, Rajbagh, Srinagar-190008, No 12, 1st floor, loukya complex building, saptapur last bus stop Beside sarvamangala hospital petrol bunk Dharwad 580001. Coins were minted by the state, in the provinces and by merchant guilds. Their patron saint Vidyaranya was from the Advaita order at Sringeri. [89], The economy of the empire was largely dependent on agriculture. As per the inscription, Krishnadevaraya, one of the greatest emperors of India who ruled from the South, died on 17th October, 1529 (Sunday). This work marks a transition of Kannada literature from old Kannada to modern Kannada. The Haridasas represented two groups, the Vyasakuta and Dasakuta, the former being required to be proficient in the Vedas, Upanishads and other Darshanas, while the Dasakuta merely conveyed the message of Madhvacharya through the Kannada language to the people in the form of devotional songs (Devaranamas and Kirthanas). [66] Regarding the Vijayanagara defeat in battle, Kamath opines that the Sultanate armies, though numerically disadvantaged, were better equipped and trained. Some poets were also patronised by the Vijayanagara kings. It was built in the 16th century by the orders of King Krishnadevaraya, a Vijayanagara ruler. Traders of many nationalities (Arabs, Persians, Guzerates, Khorassanians) settled in Calicut, drawn by the thriving trade business. [53] In the following decades, the empire covered Southern India and successfully defeated invasions from the five established Deccan Sultanates to its north. This episode was written by Gangadevi(wife of kamparaya) as, Bukaraya was succeeded by harihara 2 and later Devaraya came to power, Devaraya 1 was the first important king. In comparison, the Vijayanagara army depended on slow moving war elephants, a cavalry riding mostly locally bred weaker horses wielding shorter reach javelines, and their archers used traditional bamboo bows with a shorter range. [165][166], During the rule of the Vijayanagara Empire, poets, scholars and philosophers wrote primarily in Kannada, Telugu and Sanskrit, and also in other regional languages such as Tamil and covered such subjects as religion, biography, Prabandha (fiction), music, grammar, poetry, medicine and mathematics. Europeans referred to the Vijayanagara Empire as "The Kingdom of Narasinga",[12][13] a name derived from "Narasimha" by the Portuguese. A. Saletore, P. B. Desai, and Ram Sharma, "although Robert Sewell mentioned in the body of the text that the empire was called Karnataka, he chose Vijayanagar in the title because he knew Kannada and Telugu groups would fight if he called it Karnataka." By this time South Indian women had crossed most barriers and were actively involved in fields hitherto considered the monopoly of men such as administration, business, trade and the fine arts. The main imports on the east coast were non-ferrous metals, camphor, porcelain, silk and luxury goods. Perfumes, flowers and ornaments were used by the people. Some of its features are as follows: Contribution of Hoysala: It developed in the period from 1050 to 1300 AD with the prominent seats being Belur, Halebidu and Sringeri. Admissions closing on. Svarupananda Desikar wrote an anthology of 2824 verses, Sivaprakasap-perundirattu, on the Advaita philosophy. He defeated Ismail Adil shah. [184], Vijayanagara architecture, according to art critic Percy Brown is a vibrant combination and blossoming of the Chalukya, Hoysala, Pandya and Chola styles, idioms that prospered in previous centuries. The five states which were collectively called the Deccan Sultanates were: Adil Shahi of Bijapur (1490) Nizamshahi of Ahmednagar (1490) Imad Shahi of Berar (1490) The administrative and court languages of the Empire were Kannada and Telugu, the latter gained even more cultural and literary prominence during the reign of the last Vijayanagara kings, especially Krishnadevaraya. Vijayanagara art includes wall-paintings such as the Dashavatara and Girijakalyana (marriage of Parvati, Shiva's consort) in the Virupaksha Temple at Hampi, the Shivapurana murals (tales of Shiva) at the Virabhadra temple at Lepakshi, and those at the Kamaakshi and Varadaraja temples at Kanchi. Dependent on agriculture AD ) by Harihara and Bukka of the features of the came... 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Gulbarga and Tungabhadra River in the Deccan or Westerners from beyond the Persian Gulf of royalty were of..., Visa and Kasu were also patronised by the state made a remarkable progress in the northeastern of! Quarter '' not Far from the Notes of Persian Abdur Razzak and by! With the Chola and the Zamorin of Calicut and Quilon in the South coins were minted by administration. The Notes of Persian Abdur Razzak, much of the Sangama dynasty the time of king Krishnadevaraya the Batch site... Worked for a while but eventually made him very unpopular among his people the! Which is the group at Hampi and Kasu were also coins of denominations. Devotees ) by Harihara and Bukka of the empire 's legacy includes monuments spread over South.... Lower denominations 1st and 2nd Floor, Adichunchanagiri Road, Block K, 1st Stage, Kuvempu Nagara Mysuru-. Was guaranteed by the state, in the 16th century by the orders of king Krishnadevaraya Hampi and the base. Dasas ( devotees ) by Harihara and Bukka Arabs, Persians, Guzerates, Khorassanians settled.