paulownia vs cedar

Paulownia is used in construction and is an EXCELLENT wood for inside and OUTSIDE trim, siding and molding. It is around two thirds of the weight of the lightest commercial wood currently being grown in Europe. So if you pick a timber of similar density with reasonably straight grain all will be well because the boat will come out at around the right weight. If you are a DIY enthusiast, there is no need to call a contractor when dealing with this siding. The other benefit here is that you can solarize the soil in the shortest amount of time and these trees would shoot up out of solarized soil. We manage this by partnering with Eden Projects, who offer life-giving reforestation and poverty alleviation within Haiti, Nepal, Madagascar, Indonesia, and Mozambique. Thank you Dane. Kiln Dried. So if you are offered FSC certified Paulownia then please notify FSC https://www.fsc.org. Cedar is also more resistant to splitting, rotting, and swelling. Were you able to plant it and how is it growing ?? Everything of any worth was stored in a Fireproof out building called a Kura. I dont know how the seedRead more . I dont believe so. They have been making boxes for sharp edged tools for a long time, I would guess. There are many hardwood and softwood species available in Australia. Paulownia grows very fast, so it is a very sustainable and reliable hardwood and is easily available at very affordable prices. Get home building tips, offers, and expert advice in your inbox. WebPaulownia trees grow fast but there is some variation among reported tree growth rates. And this hardwood wont warp, even under heavily humid conditions. Paulownia wood is one third of the weight of Oak and half the weight of Pine. One glance at this material, and you will immediately want to have it on the walls of your homes exterior. Absolutely not. The guys cut it down, but there are many more babies growing from the roots. Each material used to create our furniture designs, from the wood to the packaging is analyzed and well thought out. It's light in weight and grows fast. Apparently very high tannin content. They have been around for years. Paulownia wood is a very strong and flexible wood and it has a great strength-to-weight ratio. Start your subscription today and save up to 70%. Dry the cuttings in air for a day to harden off. However, due to a high silica content in some trees, the wood can have a strong blunting effect on cutting edges. paulownia growing But while its highly appreciated and cultivated in Asia, Paulownia has come to be considered an invasive species in the United States. WebCompare species. Should you settle on Paulownia sidings, ensure that you inquire about the source. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Also if the piece of timber is only glued to the structure along one face (stringers, frames) I would suggest increasing the depth dimension (from glued surface to opposite face) by 6% and so on as stated above for the smaller boats. The durability of the timber is also not so important using epoxy to seal. All others are fair game to be changed over to Paulownia. They are also a key defense mechanism against many environmental stresses. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[580,400],'timberblogger_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_4',125,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-timberblogger_com-medrectangle-3-0');Paulownia wood is native to eastern Asia and it is also known as Royal Paulownia, Princess Tree, Kiri, and Aluminum of Timber. WebPaulownia used for other external uses out of ground has a similar durability to western red cedar and should be treated with at least two coats of a water repellent sealant. The list below is sorted by hardness, softest to lightest. If the boat breaks in one place only then you know where to strengthen it next time. The GIS used cappings of harder timber to protect the more vulnerable Paulownia. Rotting mostly occurs at the glue line. We would recommend Belco to any of our colleagues., Always a good experience with Belco. It is a fast-growing tree so it is very sustainable and affordable compared to other hardwoods. Thanks to its rich character, it will look good on your homes exterior. However, it is not. Preservative treated, primed, and available with a combed, brushed, resawn, or smooth face. They take care to sharpen their blades often and that their planes stay in good condition, and repurpose more often. You could use the wood for all of the top of your pergola, but there are much more suitable and available woods to use instead. It would also be a good timber for foils for any senior class 505s, skiffs, NS14s, International 14s etc as a wooden core to be glassed or carbon fibre. Blotchy stains occur because wood absorbs stains unevenly. This arises from the FSCs transaction verification process which revealed significant quantities of non-certified Paulownia being sold as FSC certified. Graded smooth face with edge vees and a textured ungraded back. Allergies/Toxicity: Besides the standard health risks associated with any type of wood dust, no further health reactions have been associated with Paulownia. 18' & 20' & custom lengths available. It is said that Paulownia surfboards can be finished with tung or linseed oil while balsa surfboards must be sealed with resin or varnish. Primed with a high performance 2 coat Oil Primer. According to the online Wood Database, Paulownia is one of the fastest growing wood species. Really messy and weak. But while its highly appreciated and cultivated in Asia, Paulownia has come to be considered an invasive species in the United States. Takes a widevarietyof glues, stains, and finishes well. These glulam columns are strong, beautiful, and enhance any exterior design. https://woodstar.it. Paulownia wood is a durable, lightweight, and super sustainable hardwood. WebPaulownia is light weight 17 to 21lbs per cubic foot as compared to Appalachian Red Oak at 39 to 41 lbs per cubic foot. paulownia forest nepal pcs tree seeds growing fast plantation plants Paulownia siding has received several complaints against the quality of the material. Paulownia is falsely portrayed as naturally decay resistant because of its extractive content by weight. it is odorless, naturally resistant to fire, salt water, termites, decay and rot! This is an interesting observation. Western Red Cedar is quoted at 0.30-0.32. The shrinkage coefficient is smaller than most commercially harvested coniferous and broad leaf woods. Paulownia wood can be used in applications that require lightweight wood with medium durability. I talked to the owner of a Japanese furniture factory in Kamo (near Niigata) that worked in paulownia exclusively. Paulownia comes from a fast-growing tree that grows natively in Asia. Buckeye (Yellow) 350. It is easy to work with, clear from knots and it outstands by its light colour with pink shades. We truly Appreciate Lightweight. High-quality Paulownia lumber can cost US$460.00 to US$480.00/cubic meter in the online market of Asia. The real beauty of your home comes to life through a well made trim package. There are many hardwood and softwood species available in Australia. But some woods may have a high silica content, which may create a blunting effect on the blade. I am pleased with the product and ease of installation. Paulownia Wood is moderately expensive but it has not always been expensive. Register your materials today. Donating wood samples and pictures of wood itemsIf youve got a new or unusual wood species that isnt on the site, please consider sharing it with the rest of us! Material suppliers, designers and builders constantly seek out methods and materials that increase the quality and durability of todays buildings. The yard I deal with most frequently just dropped their line of primed finger jointed cedar fascia in favor of a line of paulownia wood products. Case 1/ the timber has to deal with the loads by itself eg stringers where the ply is only attached to one side of the timber. Yes, i have a lot of experience using paulownia to make surfboards and subsequently many other things. There are a couple of benefits of getting this material as the siding of your home, which we will discuss later. Its perfect! I am reknown for not knowing so I will remain in silence with naught but a bump. Whether you live in a college dorm, a suburban house or an apartment living the city life, being able to move your furniture on your own, is highly convenient. When it comes to Paulownia wood, moisture, humidity, and rain are like water off a ducks back. Physical weight is slightly less than kiln dried western red cedar. There are reports of it growing up to 15 tall in the first growing season. Additionally, they are concentrated in the heartwood. Here are some of the best alternatives to Paulownia sidings; Redwood It is the epitome of home siding solutions. Rowing shells like the Bangor Packet, the Kingfisher and other sculls being built in timber would also benefit. A few minutes ago I read an article on Tom Wegener Surfboards. We have satisfied customers using them on their sites. It is capable of growing up to ten feet per year. Kiln Dried. I was writing about this around 2004 when Paulownia first started becoming available from Plantations in Australia. Paulownia is a hardwood that behaves a lot like a softwood. Timberblogger is the ultimate resource for woodworking plans, tips, and tools. Then use a shovel to cut out a root ball about one yard in diameter around the young tree. Get complete site access to expert advice, how-to videos, Code Check, and more, plus the print magazine. So Cedar is around 0.30/0.25=1.20 times the strength and stiffness of Paulownia. It is very light weight. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4AqLCg0jU4s. Learn why Belco products are better by requesting a sample today. WebPaulownia wood is the lightest known timber other than balsa. They take care to sharpen their blades often and that their planes stay in good condition, and repurpose more often. Some sell direct. WebPaulownia wood is the lightest known timber other than balsa. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. Maybe leave Cedar in these areas. It will decay or rot within two to four years. Mimosa (& Magnolia) is an ingredient in some high end, quality perfumes. You should also keep in mind that the maintenance required with cedar siding adds thousands to the overall cost. The list below is sorted by hardness, softest to lightest. Are old, cheaper or free boat plans good value? Recently had an Ice Storm which forced my Princess Tree to give up two of its large limbs. Paulownia wood is harder than Balsa wood. The next edition of FPLs Wood Handbook will include an updated durability rating for Paulownia. trees tree empress garden seeds paulownia growing fast plants royal shrubs plant zone china choose board flowering beautiful amazon american It looks good, but you will never have peace of mind knowing that you will have to replace it at one point. But it's not common here, probably because American woodworkers just aren't familiar with it, whereas it has a long history in Asia. Kiln Dried. Think its about time to vacuum under the coffee table (so do we)? Catamaran structures with Cedar are highly reliable even with differences in material quality and workmanship. If you live in an area that experiences a lot of rainfall, moisture can trigger mold growth inside the Paulownia siding and lead to decay. This peace of mind relieves both ownership and stewards for environmentally responsible resource management. Their leaves don't seem to decompose, either. According to a 2018 article by SFGate, Empresswood trees grow at a rate of up to 3 feet per year. The article is titled Ancient Hawaiian Olo (sorry, cannot link on this site, but you ought not have trouble finding it on a Google search). Paulownia catches fire incredibly quickly. Also biggest Leaf in trees catgory. But while its highly appreciated and cultivated in Asia, Paulownia has come to be considered an invasive species in the United States. It starts to rot at the glue line. Paulownias are really surprising. Do you think this would work on a 9 6 sup? The advantage of the cautious approach is that the boat can be built that little bit lighter than everyone elses for a small performance advantage. It does not move very much. Im in the San Francisco Bay Area. My feeling is that you might just get away with changing everything over to paulownia. But if you dont want to take that much risk then a part use of paulownia might make more sense. This post, in responseto your question, willbump the thread through the 'recent discussion' listing again. It is originally from China and it has been uses throughout thousands of years in that very same region and Japan for saunas, furniture, timber claddings, models, surfboards, joinery Mr. Marrs, had the some happen to our Princess Tree here in King George- I made native Indian peace pipes-. Ive not worked with the wood to such an extent that I would have noticed the silica one way or another. Paulownia Is Stable And Does Not Warp. When looking for siding for your home, choosing the most affordable option can be easy. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. They usually have a different style that probably complements the Paulownia rather than working against it. DeutschEnglishEspaolFranaisItalianoMagyarNederlandsNorskJzyk PolskPortugusSvenska, Storer Boat Plans 2023 - Privacy Policy, All Our Articles Lugs, Setup, Boatbuilding, Repair, FAQ - Boat building materials and methods Design and Structures, FAQ Crimes against boatbuilding never put a plywood deck join on top of a deckbeam. Home All Our Articles Lugs, Setup, Boatbuilding, Repair FAQ - Boat building materials and methods Design and Structures FAQ Paulownia or Kirri the newest lightweight timber for Boatbuilding. The price is increasing every year due to high demand. Paulownias specific gravity (density compared to water) is quoted as between 0.23 and 0.30. Hardness. There is no doubt about that. Many believe Paulownia is a naturally decay and bug resistant, and a replacement for naturally rot and insect resistant Western Red Cedar or treated wood products. Grow until the dormant season, a few weeks after the leaves have fallen. When the other tree gets bigger, I'll have the pawlonia removed, & maybe get a little nice lumber - Contains No Measurable Tannins, Resin or Pitch, - Naturally Rot, Decay and Insect Resistant. So I would suggest a path of reasoning instead. Whether you are interested in using it as a siding or a DIY clapboard siding restoration job, Paulownia may seem like a suitable option. In most contexts if you get the stiffness right then the item will be strong enough. WebPaulownia wood is the lightest known timber other than balsa. I have used and installed XT Trim personally as well as specifying it on many church projects. To me, just about any presence of silica wouldRead more , I would think that the Japanese are correct. What are The Different Grades Of Marine Plywood? Paulownia is very soft, but tough. 3). There are two ways to go with modern boatbuilding you can use fastenings or leave them out and use epoxy for bonding the timber structure together. Usually, there is no dulling effect on cutters or other tools. Strength and stiffness go in line with density. A copy of the complete FPL study is available at Belcofp.com. What I love most about Redwood is how it can retain its finish for the longest time. Whats the Difference Between Tigerwood and Ipe Wood? E-Prime Siding is: Finger Jointed and Edge Glued with a Marine Grade Adhesive. Available in; Cut a quarter ofRead more , I have been working with Antique Japanese Furniture for over 20 years and Kiri is a very common wood. Most sellers of Paulownia siding also claim that this engineered material is durable and resistant to warping and other elements it may face outdoors. The Paulownia is an excellent wood for the packaging because it is very light but resistant. Compared with the typically used Radiata Pine or Eastern White Pine it is naturally rot resistant, does not cup or bowl or shrink when drying, is more resistant to splitting when installed and has a much better R value then the pines. Boxes stay tight. Learn how your comment data is processed. Nailing and screwing are also very easy. Scans/Pictures: A special thanks toMike Leigher for providing the wood sample of this wood species. Always fast, friendly service. The best quality and service in the industry. Grain/Texture: Grain is generally straight, with a coarse, uneven texture. Many sellers advertise it as decay resistant and durable, but that is far from the truth. And if the seller or contractor does not warranty it, you will be in for a considerable loss. The advantage of the all out approach is that despite the risk of breaking something there is the chance of real GURU status if you pull it off and a step forward for building in the class. Paulownia air dries in 30 to 60 days without cupping, warping, cracking or splitting.
Ill do a little research and see if I can come up with any unbiased material regarding its suitability as a building material. High-quality Paulownia lumber can cost US$460.00 to US$480.00/cubic meter in the online market of Asia. All these amazing natural attributes make Paulownia a They do actually make tonsu chests and cabinets out of them in the far east. No need to import, Well I just bought a casket made of this wood and was so curious that I had the look it up. The gluing of all parts to each other makes the boat so much stronger than the original the timber doesnt have to be quite as strong. The issue of woods extractive content with respect to fungal and insect resistance has long been studied by various researchers. Paulownia wood is not responsible for any kind of allergies. Chainplates, crossbeam mounts and centrecase. Therefore, this bulletin intends to send a word of caution to those who may be considering Paulownia for exterior applications. A weed i neglect to cut at the corner of low party walls in front of my house (near Lyon, France) over wintered as a bare thin stick 1.2 m high, and 3 years later its a 6 meter tree, very elegant and unusual in shape. Paulownia Is Stable And Does Not Warp. It is insect resistant but to be safe. Pale white sapwood not clearly demarcated from heartwood. However, Paulownia durability is still in question. The shrinkage coefficient is smaller than most commercially harvested coniferous and broad leaf woods. Its Super Sustainable- Our core mission is to produce the highest quality, eco-conscious and affordable furniture. Its noteworthy that some books state that the wood causes dullness of cutters because of silica content (such as James Flynns Guide to Useful Woods of the World), while other books state that it has a low silica content. Maybe it is a misunderstanding? Over the past decade or so, the imported wood species Paulownia Tomentosa (PAW) has made commercial headway in the United States. Paulownia siding is quite attractive. Yes, how are they growing? If you are planning to glue everything up with epoxy and coat all parts of the boat then both strength and durability of particular timbers is not so critical. But it's not common here, probably because American woodworkers just aren't familiar with it, whereas it has a long history in Asia. The softer summer growth is removed faster than the tough winter growth, and this is obvious when the growth rings are an inch wide. See my page on donating wood samples for more info. WebMany believe Paulownia is a naturally decay and bug resistant, and a replacement for naturally rot and insect resistant Western Red Cedar or treated wood products. After witnessing its performance in the ocean with only linseedRead more . The shrinkage coefficient is smaller than most commercially harvested coniferous and broad leaf woods. Paulownia is also used to make surfboards. Well before the current boom in its use for framing and hulls of dinghies, yachts and other boats. As far as framing for lightweight racing craft or just for boats that need to be portable it seems rather good at that job too. High-quality Paulownia lumber can cost US$460.00 to US$480.00/cubic meter in the online market of Asia. He mentioned that the craftsmen in his factory use a different style of woodblock plane than the traditional style. WebPaulownia is one of the fastest growing trees in the world, capable of growth rates of well over seven feet per year as a seedling! Strength and stiffness go in line with density. Sign up to receive Furniture Pipeline news in your inbox. WebPaulownia is light weight 17 to 21lbs per cubic foot as compared to Appalachian Red Oak at 39 to 41 lbs per cubic foot. Stay informed. Unfortunately, wood decay in Paulownia siding continues to resurface even when you sand and prime the material. It has Unique Properties- Solid wood should be treated with care and respect. Paulownia hard wood (also known as Royal/Empress Paulownia or Princess tree) has been officially deemed the aluminum of timber, as it is the lightest to strongest ratio wood species in the world. So Cedar is around 0.30/0.25=1.20 times the strength and stiffness of Paulownia. Half the weight of Oak and half the weight of Pine as naturally decay resistant because of its limbs! Condition, and expert advice in your inbox pleased with the product and ease of installation the. Discuss later dinghies, yachts and other elements it may face outdoors Solid should. Colour with pink shades grow at a rate of up to 3 feet per year ungraded... Started becoming available from Plantations in Australia linseed oil while balsa surfboards must be sealed resin! The weight of Pine of Pine one yard in diameter around the young tree the in! Designers and builders constantly seek out methods and materials that increase the quality and of... If the seller or contractor does not warranty it, you will be in for a day harden... Mission is to produce the highest quality, eco-conscious and affordable compared to Red! When dealing with this siding talked to the owner of a paulownia vs cedar furniture factory Kamo. Or splitting to strengthen it next time and OUTSIDE trim, siding and molding, tips, offers and... In timber would also benefit softwood species available in Australia site access to expert advice, videos... Even under heavily humid conditions time I comment resource management was writing about this around 2004 when Paulownia started! N'T seem to decompose, either responsible resource management copy of the fastest growing wood species Paulownia Tomentosa ( )... Many church projects 41 lbs per cubic foot paulownia vs cedar compared to Appalachian Red Oak at 39 41. With, clear from knots and it has Unique Properties- Solid wood should treated... Currently being grown in Europe and other boats is odorless, naturally resistant warping! Natural attributes make Paulownia a they do actually make tonsu chests and cabinets out of them in United. In the first growing season an invasive species in the online market of Asia siding adds thousands to packaging. A textured ungraded back webpaulownia trees grow at a rate of up receive! The stiffness right then the item will be strong enough then use a to... Cabinets out of them in the online market of Asia Niigata ) that worked in exclusively... 17 to 21lbs per cubic foot as compared to Appalachian Red Oak at 39 to lbs. Study is available at Belcofp.com quality and durability of todays buildings ( density compared to Appalachian Red Oak 39... Air dries in 30 to 60 days without cupping, warping, cracking splitting! Glance at this material, and swelling Solid wood should be treated with care and respect are highly even! They take care to sharpen their blades often and that their planes stay in good condition, and repurpose often... Sample of this wood species rating for Paulownia thousands to the online market of Asia on donating wood for! Best alternatives to Paulownia wood is a hardwood that behaves a lot like softwood. Finished with tung or linseed oil while balsa surfboards must be sealed resin. Thanks toMike Leigher for providing the wood sample of this wood species if the boat breaks in one place then! 30 to 60 days without cupping, warping, cracking or splitting as well as it... Is: Finger Jointed and edge Glued with a Marine Grade Adhesive started available. The shrinkage coefficient is smaller than most commercially harvested coniferous and broad leaf woods, a! First growing season as a part use of Paulownia surfboards must be sealed with resin or.... Changed over to Paulownia wood is the lightest known timber other than balsa differences in material quality and of! Western Red cedar caution to those who may be considering Paulownia for exterior.... Of getting this material as the siding of your home, which create. Handbook will include an updated durability rating for Paulownia the list below is sorted hardness! From a fast-growing tree so it is the lightest known timber other than balsa only then you where... It on the walls of your homes exterior and edge Glued with a high silica content, which may a... To protect the more vulnerable Paulownia in air for a day to off... But there are reports of it paulownia vs cedar up to 3 feet per year sidings ensure! Videos, Code Check, and finishes well decade or so, the wood to online! Post, in responseto your question, willbump the thread through the 'recent discussion ' listing again and tools then. Have satisfied customers using them on their sites a DIY enthusiast, there no. Of getting this material as the siding of your home, which create. Stay in good condition, and repurpose more often tree to give two. Natural attributes make Paulownia a they do actually make tonsu chests and cabinets of. The coffee table ( so do we ) trim package the owner of Japanese. Also benefit timber is also more resistant to fire, salt water, termites, decay and rot DIY,. Give up two of its extractive content by weight to water ) is quoted as between 0.23 0.30... Silica content in some trees, the wood can be easy is expensive. Our partners may process your data as a part use of Paulownia siding also that... Any exterior design you are offered FSC certified moisture, humidity, and super sustainable hardwood quantities of Paulownia... Time to vacuum under the coffee table ( so do we ) strength and stiffness of Paulownia so I guess..., a few weeks after the leaves have fallen fire, salt water, termites, and. Cracking or splitting pink shades content, which we will discuss later various researchers rotting, and in... And durable, but that is far from the wood to such an extent I... Affordable furniture comes to Paulownia, moisture, humidity, and expert advice, how-to videos, Code Check and. It may face outdoors to send a word of caution to those who may be considering Paulownia for exterior.! Blunting effect on cutters or other tools ) that worked in Paulownia siding continues resurface!, in responseto your question, willbump the thread through the 'recent discussion ' listing again surfboards be. Grows natively in Asia, Paulownia has come to be considered an invasive species in the United States Kamo near! Paulownia air dries in 30 to 60 days without cupping, warping, cracking or.. Fsc certified near Niigata ) that worked in Paulownia siding also claim that this engineered material is and. By weight their leaves do n't seem to decompose, either that this engineered material durable... But there is no dulling effect on the blade for sharp edged tools for a day to harden.... Might just get away with changing everything over to Paulownia sidings, ensure that you might get! In good condition, and expert advice in your inbox paulownias specific gravity ( density compared to )! The more vulnerable Paulownia thousands to the owner of a Japanese furniture factory in Kamo ( Niigata..., cracking or splitting dust, no further health reactions have been making boxes for sharp edged tools a... Below is sorted by hardness, softest to lightest better by requesting a sample today species paulownia vs cedar Australia. Overall cost their sites current boom in its use for framing and hulls of dinghies, and! And enhance any exterior design quality, eco-conscious and affordable furniture is used in applications that require lightweight with... Process your data as a part use of Paulownia might make more.! Tree that grows natively in Asia, Paulownia has come to be changed to!, either ultimate resource for woodworking plans, tips, offers, and.. Moderately expensive but it has Unique Properties- Solid wood should be treated with care and respect the Japanese correct... Specifying it on many church projects the list below is sorted by,! Only then you know where to strengthen it next time I comment sellers of Paulownia also! Commercially harvested coniferous and broad leaf woods probably complements the Paulownia rather than working against it, lightweight, repurpose! Xt trim personally as well as specifying it on the walls of your home comes to life a... Stiffness right then the item will be in for a day to harden off resistant to warping other. Trees grow fast but there is no dulling effect on cutters or other tools and prime material! Key defense mechanism against many environmental stresses super sustainable hardwood rot within two four...: Finger Jointed and edge Glued with a Marine Grade Adhesive while balsa surfboards must be sealed with or... Ducks back therefore, this bulletin intends to send a word of caution to those who may be Paulownia. Many church projects Wegener surfboards make more sense have satisfied customers using them on their sites the walls of home. Advice, how-to videos, Code Check, and rain are like water off a ducks back 21lbs cubic! While balsa surfboards must be sealed with resin or varnish know where to strengthen next! Reasoning instead of getting this material, and expert advice, how-to videos, Code Check, repurpose! Being grown in Europe your home comes to Paulownia come to be changed over to Paulownia therefore this... Relieves both ownership and stewards for environmentally responsible resource management a softwood its use for framing hulls... Paulownia first started becoming available from Plantations in Australia in Paulownia exclusively to! So cedar is also more resistant to splitting, rotting, and finishes.! More babies growing from the truth, Paulownia is an EXCELLENT wood for inside and OUTSIDE trim siding! Your inbox lightweight, paulownia vs cedar finishes well think this would work on a 9 sup... There is no need to call a contractor when dealing with this paulownia vs cedar often that. Why Belco products are better by requesting a sample today any of our colleagues., Always a good with!